Based on in vitro phosphatase activity determined either by in-gel phosphatase activity assay [29] or using the generic phosphatase substrate pNPP in total LV homogenates after immunoprecipitation with antibodies raised against CaMKP, we found that TAC induced a gender-specific alteration in CaMKP activity that was increased significantly in male TAC mice only (Fig. 5). The gene discussed is PPM1F; the disease is persistent truncus arteriosus.