INS and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: Of the 21 patients identified as having postoperative complications, 10 had history of severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) (47.6%), 5 had dyspnea with minimal exertion (23.8%), 7 were at least partially dependent (33.3%), 12 were smoking within the past year (57.1%), 18 had ASA class of more than 2 (75.7%), 15 had diabetes treated with insulin (71.4%), and 12 had steroid use for chronic condition (57.1%).