We were the first to report that in a mouse model of spontaneous PDA (12), overexpression of human MUC1 transgene (PDA.MUC1 mice) significantly enhanced tumor progression and metastasis and showed increased levels of MDSCs and T-regulatory cells (Tregs) as well as prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) within the developing tumor (13). This evidence concerns the gene MUC1 and Patent ductus arteriosus.