However, several other L. monocytogenes virulence factors such as ActA, MLP or glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (GAPDH) (Álvarez-Domínguez et al., 2008) appear to induce strong immune responses, and therefore, they might contain putative epitopes that confer protection against listeriosis. This evidence concerns the gene GAPDH and listeriosis.