Production of Th1 cytokines MCP-1, TNF-α and IFN-γ and lack of production of Th2 cytokines such as IL-6 and IL-10, which are responsible for exaggerated inflammatory reactions and putative autoimmune responses in listeriosis, are features that are also relevant for protective DC vaccine vectors (Kono et al., 2012; Vacas-Cordoba et al., 2013). This evidence concerns the gene TNF and listeriosis.