PTHLH and prostate cancer: Shen et al. found that 1α,25(OH)2D3 suppresses the expression of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) in prostate cancer cells via a negative VDRE localized within the non-coding region of the gene, thus antagonizing the induction of cell proliferation and of the expression of the pro-invasive integrin α6β4 exerted by PTHrP signaling (Shen et al., 2007).