Furthermore, the data show that incubation of this soluble, full-length TDP-43 with CKII leads to its phosphorylation and subsequent polymerization into 9.9 +/− 0.9 nm wide filaments (Figure 4), and that these uncoated filaments closely resemble the most commonly observed 10–12 nm TDP-43 filaments in FTLD and AD patients that lack the granular coating and are randomly oriented (Figure 1). Here, TARDBP is linked to Alzheimer disease.