With regard to targeting the immune cells in PDAC stroma, Beatty et al. (2011) have demonstrated in the KPC mouse model of pancreatic cancer that activation of CD40, a member of the TNF receptor superfamily, activates macrophages in the stroma and results in apoptosis of cancer cells as well as a reduction in stromal collagen. The gene discussed is CD40; the disease is pancreatic neoplasm.