SMARCAL1 and Schimke immuno-osseous dysplasia: Biallelic putative loss of function mutations in SMARCAL1 gene are the only identified causes of SIOD, however approximately half of patients referred for molecular studies have no detectable mutations in the coding region of this gene, thus environmental, genetic, or epigenetic modifiers and the existence of endophenotypes of SIOD have been hypothesized [10].