To validate this approach, we developed reagents for measurement of previously reported lung cancer diagnostic test (LCDT) comprising v-myc avian myelocytomatosis viral oncogene homolog (MYC), E2F transcription factor 1 (E2F1), and cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) genes measured relative to actin, beta (ACTB)[24]. Here, E2F1 is linked to lung cancer.