IL-10-producing B cell frequencies were elevated in untreated early infection (EI) (0.072%±0.016%, n = 10) and untreated chronic infection (CI) (0.061%±0.007%, n = 10) but not in chronically infected individuals on treatment for >1 year (TCI) (0.011%±0.004%, n = 10) or long-term nonprogressors (LTNP) (0.015%±0.004%, n = 6) (Figure 1B and 1C). This evidence concerns the gene IL10 and infection.