Whereas PMLIII confers viral resistance in an IFN-independent way, PMLIV displays two antiviral activities during VSV infection: an early IFN-independent activity targeting VSV replication followed by the activation of innate immunity pathways, leading to an enhanced type I IFN synthesis, which protects yet uninfected cells from viral infection (Figure 10). Here, IFNA1 is linked to viral infectious disease.