Since 2006, there have been few further reports that help to clarify the potential link between TAK1 and AMPK, although it was reported that tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) activated AMPK in cultured breast cancer cells via a mechanism that was LKB1 and CaMKKβ independent but TAK1 dependent (32). This evidence concerns the gene PRKAA2 and breast cancer.