This risk is appreciable regardless of pathogenicity island presence in the genomes of circulating V. parahaemolyticus, since some infections are caused by isolates lacking tdh, trh, and TTSS2 (Suthienkul et al., 1995; Okuda et al., 1997; Vuddhakul et al., 2000; Laohaprertthisan et al., 2003; Cabanillas-Beltrán et al., 2006; Bhoopong et al., 2007; Meador et al., 2007; Serichantalergs et al., 2007; Chao et al., 2009, 2010; García et al., 2009; Harth et al., 2009). Here, TDH is linked to infection.