By contrast, levels of the β subunit of IR (IRβ) have shown contradictory findings; whereas Jung et al have observed that IRβ levels are increased in the brain of the OLETF T2DM rat model (Jung et al., 2011), Li et al. have reported a significant decrease in IRβ levels in the cortex of spontaneous T1DM, but not T2DM rats (Li et al., 2007). The gene discussed is INSR; the disease is type 2 diabetes mellitus.