HIV-1 infection and endothelial-monocyte interactions increased the phosphorylation of Merlin (Ser518), vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein (VASP) (Ser157), Rac1(S71), cortactin (Tyr421), and ERK1/2(Tyr204/202) by 4.5 to 6.3-fold, 4-fold, 2.3- to 3.6-fold, 2 to 3-fold, and 2.4 to 2.6-fold respectively (Table 2). Here, CTTN is linked to HIV-1 infection.