Interestingly, the MDS patients with higher transcript level of Bmi1 had a higher frequency of disease progression towards AML after diagnosis, as was demonstrated in one MDS-RA case progressed to MDS-RAEB and two MDS-RAEB cases transformed into AML in our patient cohort (Fig.1D). The gene discussed is BMI1; the disease is myelodysplastic syndrome with single lineage dysplasia.