CNDP1 and Hyperglycemia: The physiological mechanism for the protective effect of (CTG)5 homozygosity puts forward that (1) a CNDP1 genetic predisposition leads to low serum carnosinase activity [67]; (2) low carnosinase activity promotes higher concentrations of circulating carnosine; and (3) high circulating carnosine levels protect against hyperglycemia- induced cytotoxic metabolites resulting from oxidative stress and glycation.