NFKB1 and neoplasm: Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the tumor suppressive function of autophagy: (1) accumulation of p62, a substrate of autophagy, leads to NF-κB activation [22]; (2) accumulation of p62 stabilize Nrf2, which imparts tumor cells with resistance to hypoxic stress [23]; (3) retention of damaged organelles, including mitochondria, increases the level of active oxygen species and increases the mutation rate; and (4) defective elimination of cancer cells due to the loss of autophagic cell death [13].