Taken together with our previous findings from the hph-1 model of AAA, these studies demonstrate that eNOS uncoupling plays an important role in the development of AAA that can be generally observed cross different model systems, and that FA can serve as a universally effective treatment option for prevention and/or treatment of AAA via restoration of DHFR to restore eNOS function. This evidence concerns the gene DHFR and triple-A syndrome.