TGFB1 and familial pancreatic carcinoma: In addition, a number of growth factors and cytokines, for example, the Insulin-like growth factor (IGF), Insulin, Hedgehog (Hh), transforming growth factor (TGF-β), and the Advanced Glycation End products (AGEs) are overexpressed in the microenvironment of pancreatic cancer cells, leading to uncontrolled cancer cell proliferation, unorganized angiogenesis and evasion of apoptosis.