TGFB1 and esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: According to the present data, TCA directly enhances invasiveness of ESCC-DR cells in vitro, which is associated with TGF-β1 release from cancer cells; TCA also indirectly accelerates tumor growth (by reducing cell loss) in vivo through the promotion of angiogenesis mediated by the migration of vascular endothelial cells.