APOL1 and Nephropathy: These results suggest that kidney disease, in general, is a heterogeneous class of diseases, consistent with the observation of differential odds ratios (ORs) reported for APOL1 in HIV-associated nephropathy (OR = 29), focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS; OR = 17) and hypertension-attributed end-stage kidney disease (H-ESKD; OR = 7.3) [4], [9].