Interestingly, some cytokines [IL-12, IFN-γ, TNF-α, soluble IL-2 receptor (sIL-2R)] may be trait markers for schizophrenia, while others are raised during phases of intensified symptoms (IL-1β, IL-6, and TGF-β) (106, 108). This evidence concerns the gene TGFB1 and schizophrenia.