Moreover, higher plasma levels of IL-18 [41], E-selectin [42], soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-I) [43], platelet factor-4 (PF-4) [44], sP-selectin [45], Platelet Microparticles (PMP) [46], asymmetric and symmetric dymethylarginine (ADMA, SDMA) [47, 48] found in different cohorts of patients with AF indicates that inflammation, platelet activation and oxidative stress are conditions not only related with LAA but might be also related with CE stroke. The gene discussed is PF4; the disease is atrial fibrillation.