ACE and hypertensive disorder: The tripeptides VPP and IPP, derived from bacterial fermentation of casein, demonstrate inhibitory effects on angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) in addition to stimulation of nitric oxide (NO) and bradykinin-mediated vasorelaxant pathways, thus suppressing the prohypertensive and proinflammatory mechanisms associated with hypertension and atherosclerosis [21].