CCL5 and viral infectious disease: In terms of Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, TLR7 (Tlr7) senses single-stranded RNA from influenza virus within the endosomes and induces the downstream signaling pathway involving MyD88 (Myd88)/IRAK/TRAF6, which activated the p38 (Mapk13) and JNK (Mapk8), causing proinflammatory cytokines (i.e., TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-8, IL-12, IL-18, GM-CSF, and RANTES) production to control and potentially eradicate virus infections [7].