Such checkpoint blockade combined with vaccine based immune activation has shown enhanced anti-tumor responses over vaccine therapy alone in mouse models and clinical trials combining cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4) blockade and granulocyte/macrophage-colony stimulating factor-secreting tumor vaccines [16,134,137,138,139,140,141]. Here, CSF2 is linked to neoplasm.