In contrast, plasma levels of MIP-1α (p<0.05), MIP-1β (p<0.001), eotaxin (p<0.01), CCL19 (p<0.001), CCL21 (p<0.001), IL-8 (p<0.001), IP-10 (p<0.001), fractalkine (p<0.01), TNFα (p<0.001), IL-7 (p<0.01), IL-17 (p<0.05), IL-10 (p<0.001) and IL-1Ra (p<0.001) were significantly increased, and plasma levels of RANTES (p<0.001), MDC (p<0.01), CCL17 (p<0.001) and sCD40L (p<0.01) were significantly decreased as compared with infectious disease controls. This evidence concerns the gene CCL4 and infectious disease.