Notably, genes expressing CXCR3-associated chemokines (CXCL9, CXCL10 and CXCL11), CCL19, and CCL21 were the most frequently up-regulated genes in both HCV infection and HCV/HIV-1 coinfection (Table 3, Panel A), whereas CRP, CCL25 and CXCL2 were the most frequently down-regulated genes in both HCV infection and HCV/HIV-1 coinfection (Table 3, Panel B). Here, CRP is linked to coinfection.