TNF and colitis: In the mild colitis group, the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β were increased to about 1.5 folds (Fig. 4A, 4B, 4C, p<0.05), and in the severe colitis group IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β expression were increased to about 3, 2, and 1.5 folds (Fig. 4A, 4B, 4C) compared to the water group.