GAL and cancer: These results are supported by a previous study showing that ECM proteins have synergistic effects on cell motility11, 14 and that downregulation of COL-induced invasion in cancer cells through increased MMP and IN-β1 expression reduced E-cadherin expression.14, 52 In addition, we observed that treatment with Gal-1, FN, and/or LM-5 stimulated motility and then increased FAK, Akt, and Erk phosphorylation/expression.