First, these data demonstrate that the expression of ET-1, VCAM-1, ICAM-1, P-selectin and CGRP is significantly altered (increased or decreased) in multiple brain regions, including the partial frontal and temporal cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, hippocampus and thalamus, in diabetic rats at 4 weeks post-induction of diabetes. This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and diabetes mellitus.