Consistent with this concept, not only have GWAS and candidate gene studies implicated 4 of the 13 BC smoking dysregulated genes (NFKBIB, LTBP4, EGLN2 and TGFB1) localized to 19q13.2, but almost all of the other 9 of the 13 BC smoking-dysregulated genes on 19q13.2 are associated with evidence that they also are relevant to the pathogenesis of COPD, and in some cases, lung cancer, a smoking-related disorder, for which COPD conveys a significant risk [53]. Here, TGFB1 is linked to lung cancer.