CSF2 and infection: To assess if Lm-HCV-infected DC are able to stimulate virus-specific memory T cell responses and thus potentially function as a therapeutic approach to break through immune tolerance during chronic HCV infection, monocytes isolated from HCV-infected as well as HCV-resolved individuals were induced to iDC by GM-CSF and IL-4 treatment for 5 days, and subsequently infected by Lm-NS5B or Lm-control for 2 additional days to induce mDC; then incubated with autologous T cells in the presence of IL-2 for another 5 days to generate CTL.