For these experiments, wild type Dsg3.GFP was expressed in normal human keratinocytes and A431 cells, an epidermoid carcinoma cell line that forms desmosomes, or in CHO (Chinese hamster ovary) and HMEC-1 (immortalized human microvascular endothelial cells) cells, both of which lack various desmosomal components and therefore do not form desmosomes. Here, DSG3 is linked to squamous cell carcinoma.