The increase in the levels of abcb1 by E. coli infection following therapy was likely to reflect a beneficial effect on the bird, as this up-regulation might improve the barrier function of the gastro-intestinal tract through effluxing toxins, including LPS, and enhance the resistance against further infections by viruses and bacteria [30], [31], [32], [33], [34], [35]. The gene discussed is ABCB1; the disease is infection.