More recently, in a study in the Swiss cohort a low CD4/CD8 ratio before initiation of ART was a predictor of Hodgkin lymphoma [25], and in a case-control study the CD4/CD8 ratio was independently associated with subclinical atherosclerosis [24], which in turn has been associated with immune activation and inmmunosenescence [34], as most of non-AIDS-associated conditions [10]. This evidence concerns the gene CD4 and atherosclerosis.