However, the absence of a correlation between pTFH cells and circulating HIV Env-specific IgG may also be explained by the lack of a time-dependent association (early vs. late infection) between TFH and pTFH cells, or indicate that the generation of IgG and broadly neutralizing antibodies is regulated by parameters other than pTFH, confounded by T-cell independent antibody production commonly observed in HIV infection [34] or generalized immune activation. Here, ERVW-1 is linked to infection.