Furthermore, while co-culture supernatants from HIV-infected subjects demonstrated a heterogeneous cytokine profile, similar to HIV-uninfected subjects, intracellular cytokine staining showed that fewer CCR7highCXCR5highCCR6high pTFH cells produced IL-2, IL-17 and IL-21 in chronic HIV infection compared to HIV-uninfected individuals. Here, IL17A is linked to HIV infectious disease.