VCAM1 and multiple sclerosis: In other neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis, endothelial activation has been shown to be more sensitive to BBB change than Gd enhancement.36 In the current study, however, using both a molecular MRI approach and an immunohistochemistry, no increases in VCAM-1 expression were detected at any time point in SOD1G93A mice, in whole brain, sensorimotor cortex, or brainstem region.