AIF1 and Parkinson disease: Since PPARγ agonist pioglitazone has been reported to effectively suppress neuroinflammation in an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) mouse model [11] and it also had beneficial effects in mouse models of multiple sclerosis (ALS) [12-15] and Parkinson’s disease (PD) [16], we treated cKO mice with pioglitazone, and analyzed its effects on longevity, neuronal loss, and studied the timing of activation of astrocytes and microglial cells by using immunofluorescence against anti-GFAP and Iba1, respectively.