It has previously been reported that exendin-4, a GLP-1R agonist, attenuates atherosclerosis through PKA–PI3K/Akt–eNOS–p38 MAPK–JNK- dependent pathways via a GLP-1R-dependent mechanism, without affecting metabolic parameters [5,16,18,38-40]. Here, NOS3 is linked to atherosclerosis.