HAMP and infection: Results similar to those in monocyte experiments were obtained; GC-FA19 infection induced nitric oxide release and upregulated murine HAMP1 (the hepcidin homologue), LCN2 (the NGAL homolog) and NRAMP1 expression from infected macrophages, while it downregulated expression of the murine BDH2 gene (Figure 10).