GATA4 and cardiac hypertrophy: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) is an indicator of mesoderm differentiation, and GATA binding protein 4 (GATA4) is a marker involved in the development of cardiac hypertrophy and remodeling, and it plays a critical role in regulating basal and agonist or stress-induced gene expression in cardiac and smooth muscle cell types.