ESR1 and osteoporosis: A genome wide association study (GWAS) in 2008 reported that five SNPs (rs9479055, rs4870044, rs1038304, rs6929137, rs1999805) in the 6q25 ESR1 region showed an association with bone mineral density of both the hip and spine, suggesting the possible role of the ESR1 gene in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis [29].