Despite a prevailing dogma that tumours utilise mainly VEGF-dependent sprouting angiogenesis (Fig. 1), it is now apparent that tumour vascularisation may occur via diverse mechanisms, including intussusceptive microvascular growth (IMG), glomeruloid angiogenesis, vasculogenic mimicry, looping angiogenesis and vessel co-option [3, 172, 173]. Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.