In both of these datasets, five genes (MAP4K4, SERPINE1, ALDOA, HNF4A and ZNF3) were expressed at higher levels in lung from patients with moderate or severe emphysema compared with lung from normal subjects or subjects with mild emphysema, whereas expression of miR-34c was reciprocal (Figure 2), consistent with the possibility that these five genes may be regulated by miR-34c in emphysema. Here, MAP4K4 is linked to pulmonary emphysema.