SERPINE1 and pulmonary emphysema: In the setting of reduced miR-34c expression in moderate emphysema lung (vs mild), we were able to confirm increased gene expression of two of its predicted mRNA targets, HNF4 and SERPINE1. HNF4A (hepatocyte nuclear factor 4A) is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of cytokines involved in inflammation, as demonstrated in other organs (e.g. kidney [35]); its role in the lung is yet to be determined.