INS and obesity due to melanocortin 4 receptor deficiency: This diversity in biological function is exemplified by Insulin/Insulin-like signaling (IIS) pathways which have been implicated in a broad range of biological processes and diseases including diabetes, obesity, and cancer [reviewed in Nakae et al. (2001); Baserga et al. (2003); Kahn et al. (2005); Taguchi and White (2008)].