OSM and idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: Other studies indicated that oncostatin M was significantly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) from IPF patients and in the lungs of bleomycin challenged mice; and its chronic intranasal administration induced a fibrotic response in murine lungs, which was independent from Interleukin 4 (IL-4)/Interleukin 13 (IL-13) and Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling (Richards et al., 2002; Mozaffarian et al., 2008).