Double labelling experiments using Ndfip1 and α-synuclein antibodies were performed on PD brains and we observed that significantly more pigmented neurons with α-synuclein deposits contained Ndfip1 immunoreactivity (average 54±8%, t = 5.35, p = 0.006, versus 21±5% for total dopaminergic neurons) (Figure 4). The gene discussed is NDFIP1; the disease is Parkinson disease.