Furthermore, elevated PGE2 due to its pro-inflammatory role and activation of downstream proliferative pathways such as PI3K/Akt, β-catenin, and JNK has been implicated in colorectal carcinogenesis and blocking PGE2 production has been reported to provide protection against colon cancer [51],[94]. This evidence concerns the gene MAPK8 and malignant colon neoplasm.